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1 and
[ənd, ænd]1) (joining two statements, pieces of information etc: I opened the door and went inside; The hat was blue and red; a mother and child.) e2) (in addition to: 2 and 2 makes 4.) e3) (as a result of which: Try hard and you will succeed.) e4) (used instead of `to' with a verb: Do try and come!) -* * *[ænd, ən] conj 1 e, assim como, também como. try and you will see / experimente e você verá. the Oxford and Cambridge colleges / os colégios de Oxford e Cambridge. 2 e ainda, e além disso. nice and warm / bonito e quente (tempo). 3 assim que, de modo que. 4 mas, contudo. 5 mais. two and two make four / dois mais dois são quatro. -
2 Ivy League colleges
(или universities)aмep.пpecтижныe унивepcитeты в вocтoчныx штaтax (Brawn, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Pennsylvania, Princeton, Yale)My father wants me to go to Yale, or maybe Princeton, but I swear, I wouldn't go to one of those Ivy League colleges (J. Salinger). Several Ivy League universities are starting to show signs of age. Harvard now looks decidedly seedy compared to Oxford and Cambridge (The Economist) -
3 Port Wine
Portugal's most famous wine and leading export takes its name from the city of Oporto or porto, which means "port" or "harbor" in Portuguese. Sometimes described as "the Englishman's wine," port is only one of the many wines produced in continental Portugal and the Atlantic islands. Another noted dessert wine is Madeira wine, which is produced on the island of Madeira. Port wine's history is about as long as that of Madeira wine, but the wine's development is recent compared to that of older table wines and the wines Greeks and Romans enjoyed in ancient Lusitania. During the Roman occupation of the land (ca. 210 BCE-300 CE), wine was being made from vines cultivated in the upper Douro River valley. Favorable climate and soils (schist with granite outcropping) and convenient transportation (on ships down the Douro River to Oporto) were factors that combined with increased wine production in the late 17th century to assist in the birth of port wine as a new product. Earlier names for port wine ( vinho do porto) were descriptive of location ("Wine of the Douro Bank") and how it was transported ("Wine of [Ship] Embarkation").Port wine, a sweet, fortified (with brandy) aperitif or dessert wine that was designed as a valuable export product for the English market, was developed first in the 1670s by a unique combination of circumstances and the action of interested parties. Several substantial English merchants who visited Oporto "discovered" that a local Douro wine was much improved when brandy ( aguardente) was added. Fortification prevented the wine from spoiling in a variety of temperatures and on the arduous sea voyages from Oporto to Great Britain. Soon port wine became a major industry of the Douro region; it involved an uneasy alliance between the English merchant-shippers at Oporto and Vila Nova de Gaia, the town across the river from Oporto, where the wine was stored and aged, and the Portuguese wine growers.In the 18th century, port wine became a significant element of Britain's foreign imports and of the country's establishment tastes in beverages. Port wine drinking became a hallowed tradition in Britain's elite Oxford and Cambridge Universities' colleges, which all kept port wine cellars. For Portugal, the port wine market in Britain, and later in France, Belgium, and other European countries, became a vital element in the national economy. Trade in port wine and British woolens became the key elements in the 1703 Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal.To lessen Portugal's growing economic dependence on Britain, regulate the production and export of the precious sweet wine, and protect the public from poor quality, the Marquis of Pombal instituted various measures for the industry. In 1756, Pombal established the General Company of Viticulture of the Upper Douro to carry out these measures. That same year, he ordered the creation of the first demarcated wine-producing region in the world, the port-wine producing Douro region. Other wine-producing countries later followed this Portuguese initiative and created demarcated wine regions to protect the quality of wine produced and to ensure national economic interests.The upper Douro valley region (from Barca d'Alva in Portugal to Barqueiros on the Spanish frontier) produces a variety of wines; only 40 percent of its wines are port wine, whereas 60 percent are table wines. Port wine's alcohol content varies usually between 19 and 22 percent, and, depending on the type, the wine is aged in wooden casks from two to six years and then bottled. Related to port wine's history is the history of Portuguese cork. Beginning in the 17th century, Portuguese cork, which comes from cork trees, began to be used to seal wine bottles to prevent wine from spoiling. This innovation in Portugal helped lead to the development of the cork industry. By the early 20th century, Portugal was the world's largest exporter of cork. -
4 جامعة
جامِعَة \ league: a group with a common purpose: the Arabe League. university: a place (sometimes a group of separate colleges) that provides the highest level of teaching: Oxford and Cambridge are Britain’s oldest universities. -
5 league
جامِعَة \ league: a group with a common purpose: the Arabe League. university: a place (sometimes a group of separate colleges) that provides the highest level of teaching: Oxford and Cambridge are Britain’s oldest universities. -
6 university
جامِعَة \ league: a group with a common purpose: the Arabe League. university: a place (sometimes a group of separate colleges) that provides the highest level of teaching: Oxford and Cambridge are Britain’s oldest universities. -
7 college
noun2) (place of further education) Fach[hoch]schule, diego to college — (esp. Amer.) studieren
start college — (esp. Amer.) sein Studium aufnehmen
3) (esp. Brit.): (school) Internatsschule, die; Kolleg, das* * *['koli‹]((any or all of the buildings housing) a higher-education institution: He studies at agricultural college.) das College* * *col·lege[ˈkɒlɪʤ, AM ˈkɑ:-]nart \college Kunstakademie fto drop out of \college vom Kolleg [o Gymnasium] abgehen; BRIT, AUS (children's private school) Privatschule fto go to \college auf die Universität gehen, studierenI attended the C\college of Arts and Sciences ich habe an der kunst- und naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät studiert; (college building) Universitätsgebäude nt, Hochschulgebäude nt\college of Medicine Ärztekollegium nt\college of Physicians Ärztekammer f, Ärztebund m* * *College ist ein allgemeiner Oberbegriff für höhere Bildungsinstitute. In Großbritannien kann er sich auf Einrichtungen beziehen, in denen man in einzelnen Fachbereichen, wie Kunst oder Musik, einen Hochschulabschluss erwerben kann, aber ebenso auf Schulen ohne weiteren Abschluss, z. B. für Sekretärinnen oder Friseure. Einige britische Universitäten, darunter Oxford und Cambridge, setzen sich aus Colleges zusammen. In diesen collegiate universities sorgen die Colleges für die Unterbringung und Ausbildung der Studenten, auch wenn die Universität dann die Abschlüsse verleiht. Zu den bekanntesten Colleges zählen wohl das King's College in Cambridge und das Magdalen College in Oxford. In den USA werden die Universitäten in Verwaltungseinheiten unterteilt, die als Colleges bezeichnet werden: zum Beispiel das "College of Arts and Sciences" oder das "College of Medicine". Graduate schools, die normalerweise Teil einer Universität sind, bieten auf dem bachelor aufbauende Studiengänge zur weiteren Spezialisierung an. Junior oder community colleges sind Institute, an denen man nach zweijähriger Studienzeit einen berufsbezogenen Abschluss machen kann sie bieten auch Weiterbildungen für Berufstätige an See: → DEGREE, OXBRIDGE* * *1. Br College n:a) einer Universität angegliederte Lehranstalt mit Wohngemeinschaft von Dozenten und Studentenb) zur Hochschulreife führende private Internatsschule: → academic.ru/25170/Eton_College">Eton College2. US College n (Eingangsstufe der Universität), weitS. Universität f:go to college studieren3. Fach(hoch)schule f:college of education schott pädagogische Hochschule;college of music Musikhochschule;college of technology technische Hochschule4. College(gebäude) n5. Kollegium n:a) organisierte Vereinigung von Personen mit gemeinsamen Pflichten und Rechten6. REL (Kardinals- etc) Kollegium n:7. Br sl obs Kittchen n (Gefängnis)col. abk1. collected2. collector3. college4. colony5. color (colour)6. colored (coloured)7. columncoll. abk1. collection2. collective3. collector4. college5. colloquial* * *noun1) (esp. Brit.): (independent corporation in university) College, das2) (place of further education) Fach[hoch]schule, diego to college — (esp. Amer.) studieren
start college — (esp. Amer.) sein Studium aufnehmen
3) (esp. Brit.): (school) Internatsschule, die; Kolleg, das* * *n.Hochschule -n f. -
8 Albert, Prince Consort
[br]b. 26 August 1819 The Rosenau, near Coburg, Germanyd. 14 December 1861 Windsor Castle, England[br]German/British polymath and Prince Consort to Queen Victoria.[br]Albert received a sound education in the arts and sciences, carefully designed to fit him for a role as consort to the future Queen Victoria. After their marriage in 1840, Albert threw himself into the task of establishing his position as, eventually, Prince Consort and uncrowned king of England. By his undoubted intellectual gifts, unrelenting hard work and moral rectitude, Albert moulded the British constitutional monarchy into the form it retains to this day. The purchase in 1845 of the Osborne estate in the Isle of Wight provided not only the growing royal family with a comfortable retreat from London and public life, but Albert with full scope for his abilities as architect and planner. With Thomas Cubitt, the eminent engineer and contractor, Albert erected at Osborne one of the most remarkable buildings of the nineteenth century. He went on to design the house and estate at Balmoral in Scotland, another notable creation.Albert applied his abilities as architect and planner in the promotion of such public works as the London sewer system and, in practical form, the design of cottages for workers, such as those in south London, as well as those on the royal estates. Albert's other main contribution to technology was as educationist in a broad sense. In 1847, he was elected Chancellor of Cambridge University. He was appalled at the low standards and narrow curriculum prevailing there and at Oxford. He was no mere figurehead, but took a close and active interest in the University's affairs. With his powerful influence behind them, the reforming fellows were able to force measures to raise standards and widen the curriculum to take account, in particular, of the rapid progress in the natural sciences. Albert was instrumental in ending the lethargy of centuries and laying the foundations of the modern British university system.In 1847 the Prince became Secretary of the Royal Society of Arts. With Henry Cole, the noted administrator who shared Albert's concern for the arts, he promoted a series of exhibitions under the auspices of the Society. From these grew the idea of a great exhibition of the products of the decorative and industrial arts. It was Albert who decided that its scope should be international. As Chairman of the organizing committee, by sheer hard work he drove the project through to a triumphant conclusion. The success of the Exhibition earned it a handsome profit for which Albert had found a use even before it closed. The proceeds went towards the purchase of a site in South Kensington, for which he drew up a grand scheme for a complex of museums and colleges for the education of the people in the sciences and the arts. This largely came to fruition and South Kensington today is a fitting memorial to the Prince Consort's wisdom and concern for the public good.[br]Further ReadingSir Theodore Martin, 1875–80, The Life of His Royal Highness, the Prince Consort, 5 vols, London; German edn 1876; French edn 1883 (the classic life of the Prince).R.R.James, 1983, Albert, Prince Consort: A Biography, London: Hamish Hamilton (the standard modern biography).L.R.Day, 1989, "Resources for the study of the history of technology in the Science Museum Library", IATUL Quarterly 3:122–39 (provides a short account of the rise of South Kensington and its institutions).LRD
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